随着中国经济的飞速发展及中国制造业所具有的独特优势及中国政府针对疫情处理的有效手段，很多外资企业都将制造业务转移到中国，在中国投资建厂的跨国企业或者采购中国制造的企业越来越多，随之而来的是从国外临时进口的气瓶越来越多，这些气瓶往往是往复与国内和国外使用，最近一段时间很多客户咨询我关于气瓶认证的事宜，我查询了大量的资料和咨询了欧盟的技术专家和美国专家，国际上主流的气瓶认证分为3块，其一是欧盟对于移动式容器的要求（参考TPED指令及ADR/RID法规），气瓶上打pi标记，其二是ADR/RID的签署国对于包装容器的UN认证要求，打 标记，其三是美洲（美国和加拿大的）对于气瓶有自己本国要求，如DOT或者UN认证，二者选其一。下面我将为大家详细介绍下3个市场的不同的要求。
1. 欧盟市场，欧盟市场基本上把所有的可移动气瓶（除灭火器和呼气气瓶以外）归类到Transportable Pressure Equipment指令里面（简称TPED）,认证的模式分为2种：
a. Type approval certification +initial inspection 型式试验（与module B类似）+批次检验（与module F类似）
b. Type approval certification+in-house inspection 型式试验（与module B类似）+质量体系审核（与module D类似）
型式试验：由欧盟成员国内的Notify Body(简称nobo)对制造商的设计，焊接，工艺及试验过程进行评估，合格后签发型式试验证书，证书有效期一般是10年，证书上需要体现唯一的nobo号码，如TI的授权编码是nobo1354, 证书上没有有效的nobo号码一般认为是无效的。
钢印要求样本：
批次检验：由nobo机构或者IS机构负责产品的批次检验。
质量体系审核：由nobo机构或者IS机构负责审核。
这里需要注意的是型式试验和批次检验或者质量体系的认证不一定由同一家机构来签发。
2. ADR/RID的签署国，包括UNECE的成员国针对气瓶的认证我们称之为UN认证，UNECE原本就是由欧盟主导的，认证方式及流程大体上是和TPED类似的。
3. 美洲市场的DOT认证/UN认证，美国和加拿大早期是不认可UN认证的，现在也慢慢接受了UN认证的法规，与欧盟认证或者国际的UN认证不同的地方是在美国或者加拿大使用的气瓶可以选择性的取DOT或者UN, 二者选其一就行。尽快美国市场开始慢慢接受国际市场UN的要求，但是美国市场的审批程序和欧盟是完全不一样的。取美国的UN认证/DOT认证首先要获取美国交通部颁发的DOT或UN ISO的制造许可证。美国交通部是唯一的发证机构，制造商在申请获取DOT或UN ISO制造许可证是首先需要与independent inspection Agency (简称IIA)签署协议，在取UNISO许可证过程中，DOT批准的IIA,只有权进行预审，提出是否符合要求的建议，最终审核要DOT派官员到现场进行终 审，官员还要在现场取样，送到美国另外一家IIA（与制造厂已签订检验合同以外的另一家IIA) 做型式试验，合格后才最后颁发UNISO许可证或DOT许可证。
制造商取得DOT或UN ISO的制造许可证后方可在产品上打上UN标志或DOT标志。
钢印样本如下：
目前美国境内的IIA公司总共有9家（截止2020-06）,分别是Arrowhead Industrial Services Inc, Authorized Testing Inc, T.H. Cochrane Laboratories Professional Services Inc, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Company，Element Cleveland，Steigerwalt Associates, Cylinder Services Inc, Advanced Cylinder Certification Inc, 境外的总共有9家，分别是British Inspecting Engineers, BV Austria, BV India, Inspecta Sweden AB, Intertek Japan, SGS UK, SII, TUV Rheinland Taiwan 和LR USA.
附上：常用的气瓶标准
1. Design and construction requirements for UN refillable welded cylinders and UN pressure drums. In addition to the general requirements of this section, UN refillable welded cylinders and UN pressure drums must conform to the following ISO standards, as applicable:
(1) ISO 4706: Gas cylinders—Refillable welded steel cylinders—Test pressure 60 bar and below (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter).
(2) ISO 18172-1: Gas cylinders—Refillable welded stainless steel cylinders—Part 1: Test pressure 6 MPa and below (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter).
(3) ISO 20703: Gas cylinders—Refillable welded aluminum-alloy cylinders—Design, construction and testing (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter).
(4) ISO 21172-1:2015(E) Gas cylinders—Welded steel pressure drums up to 3,000 litres capacity for the transport of gases—Design and construction—Part 1: Capacities up to 1,000 litres (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Irrespective of section 6.3.3.4 of this standard, welded steel gas pressure drums with dished ends convex to pressure may be used for the transport of corrosive substances provided all applicable additional requirements are met.
2. Design and construction requirements for UN refillable seamless steel cylinders. In addition to the general requirements of this section, UN refillable seamless steel cylinders must conform to the following ISO standards, as applicable:
(1) ISO 9809-1:2010 Gas cylinders—Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders—Design, construction and testing—Part 1: Quenched and tempered steel cylinders with tensile strength less than 1100 MPa. (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Until December 31, 2018, the manufacture of a cylinder conforming to the requirements in ISO 9809-1:1999 (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) is authorized.
(2) ISO 9809-2: Gas cylinders—Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders—Design, construction and testing—Part 2: Quenched and tempered steel cylinders with tensile strength greater than or equal to 1100 MPa. (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Until December 31, 2018, the manufacture of a cylinder conforming to the requirements in ISO 9809-2:2000 (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) is authorized.
(3) ISO 9809-3: Gas cylinders—Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders—Design, construction and testing—Part 3: Normalized steel cylinders. (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Until December 31, 2018, the manufacture of a cylinder conforming to the requirements in ISO 9809-3:2000 (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) is authorized.
(4) ISO 9809-4:2014(E) (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter).
3. Design and construction requirements for UN refillable seamless aluminum alloy cylinders. In addition to the general requirements of this section, UN refillable seamless aluminum cylinders must conform to ISO 7866:2012(E) as modified by ISO 7866:2012/Cor.1:2014(E) (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Until December 31, 2020, the manufacture of a cylinder conforming to the requirements in ISO 7866(E) (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) is authorized. The use of Aluminum alloy 6351-T6 or equivalent is prohibited.
4. Design and construction requirements for UN non-refillable metal cylinders. In addition to the general requirements of this section, UN non-refillable metal cylinders must conform to ISO 11118:2015(E) Gas cylinders—Non-refillable metallic gas cylinders—Specification and test methods (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Until December 31, 2020, cylinders conforming to ISO 11118:1999(E) Gas cylinders—Non-refillable metallic gas cylinders—Specification and test methods (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) are authorized.
5. Design and construction requirements for UN refillable seamless steel tubes. In addition to the general requirements of this section, UN refillable seamless steel tubes must conform to ISO 11120:2015(E) Gas cylinders—Refillable seamless steel tubes of water capacity between 150 L and 3,000 L—Design, construction and testing (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Until December 31, 2022, UN refillable seamless steel tubes may be manufactured in accordance with ISO 11120: Gas cylinders—Refillable seamless steel tubes of water capacity between 150 L and 3,000 L—Design, construction and testing (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter)
6. Design and construction requirements for UN acetylene cylinders. In addition to the general requirements of this section, UN acetylene cylinders must conform to the following ISO standards, as applicable:
(1) For the cylinder shell:
(i) ISO 9809-1:2010 Gas cylinders—Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders—Design, construction and testing—Part 1: Quenched and tempered steel cylinders with tensile strength less than 1100 MPa. Until December 31, 2018, the manufacture of a cylinder conforming to the requirements in ISO 9809-1:1999 (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) is authorized.
(ii) ISO 9809-3: Gas cylinders—Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders—Design, construction and testing—Part 3: Normalized steel cylinders. Until December 31, 2018, the manufacture of a cylinder conforming to the requirements in ISO 9809-3:2000 (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) is authorized.
(2) The porous mass in an acetylene cylinder must conform to ISO 3807:2013(E) (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Until December 31, 2020, the manufacture of a cylinder conforming to the requirements in ISO 3807-2(E) (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) is authorized.
7 Design and construction requirements for UN composite cylinders and tubes.
7.1 In addition to the general requirements of this section, UN composite cylinders and tubes must be designed for a design life of not less than 15 years. Composite cylinders and tubes with a design life longer than 15 years must not be filled after 15 years from the date of manufacture, unless the design has successfully passed a service life test program. The service life test program must be part of the initial design type approval and must specify inspections and tests to demonstrate that cylinders manufactured accordingly remain safe to the end of their design life. The service life test program and the results must be approved by the competent authority of the country of approval that is responsible for the initial approval of the cylinder design. The service life of a composite cylinder or tube must not be extended beyond its initial approved design life. Additionally, composite cylinders and tubes must conform to the following ISO standards, as applicable:
(i) ISO 11119-1:2012(E) (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Until December 31, 2020, cylinders conforming to the requirements in ISO 11119-1(E), (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) are authorized.
(ii) ISO 11119-2:2012(E) (ISO 11119-2:2012/Amd.1:2014(E)) (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Until December 31, 2020, cylinders conforming to the requirements in ISO 11119-2(E) (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) are authorized.
(iii) ISO 11119-3:2013(E) (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Until December 31, 2020, cylinders conforming to the requirements in ISO 11119-3(E) (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter) are authorized.
7.2 ISO 11119-2 and ISO 11119-3 gas cylinders of composite construction manufactured in accordance with the requirements for underwater use must bear the “UW” mark.
8. Design and construction requirements for UN metal hydride storage systems. In addition to the general requirements of this section, metal hydride storage systems must conform to the following ISO standards, as applicable: ISO 16111: Transportable gas storage devices—Hydrogen absorbed in reversible metal hydride (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter).
9. Design and construction requirements for UN cylinders for the transportation of adsorbed gases. In addition to the general requirements of this section, UN cylinders for the transportation of adsorbed gases must conform to the following ISO standards, as applicable: ISO 11513:2011, Gas cylinders—Refillable welded steel cylinders containing materials for sub-atmospheric gas packaging (excluding acetylene)—Design, construction, testing, use and periodic inspection, or ISO 9809-1:2010: Gas cylinders—Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders—Design, construction and testing—Part 1: Quenched and tempered steel cylinders with tensile strength less than 1100 MPa. (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter.)
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